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The International Council of Women (ICW) is a women's organization working across national boundaries for the common cause of advocating human rights for women. In March and April 1888, women leaders came together in Washington D.C. with 80 speakers and 49 delegates representing 53 women's organizations from 9 countries: Canada, the United States, Ireland, India, England, Finland, Denmark, France and Norway. Women from professional organizations, trade unions, arts groups and benevolent societies participate. National Councils are affiliated to the ICW and thus make themselves heard at international level. The ICW enjoys consultative status with the UN and its Permanent Representatives to: ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, WHO, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNCTAD, UNIDO, etc. == Beginnings == Rachel Foster Avery managed much of the details of the planning of the first ICW, and Susan B. Anthony presided over 8 of the 16 sessions.〔See the University of Rochester Libraries' Online Exhibit of (Susan B. Anthony: Celebrating "An Heroic Life" ) for images of the Report and Proceedings of the first ICW as well as letters from Susan B. Anthony about the planning process.〕 The ICW drafted a constitution and established national meetings every three years and international meetings every five years. Millicent Garrett Fawcett (of England) was elected as president but she refused to serve. Other early ICW presidents were: * Lady Aberdeen (Scotland) 1893-99, 1904–20, 1922–36 * May Wright Sewall (United States) 1899-1904 * Pauline Chaponnière-Chaix (Switzerland) 1920-22 * Baroness Marthe Boël (Belgium) 1936-47 In 1904, the ICW met in Berlin, Germany.〔Helene Stöcker (2015): Lebenserinnerungen, hg. von Reinhold Lütgeeier-Davin u. Kerstin Wolff. Köln: Böhlau, 93.〕 In the early years, the United States supported many of the expenses of the organization and dues from U.S. members made up a significant part of the budget. Most meetings were held in Europe or North America, and they adopted the use of three official languages - English, French and German - which discouraged participation from women of non-European origin. The ICW did not actively promote women's suffrage as to not upset the more conservative members. In 1904 at the Berlin congress of the ICW, a separate organization formed to accommodate the strong feminist identity of the national suffrage associations: the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. In 1925, the ICW convened their first coalition, the Joint Standing Committee of the Women's International Organisations, to lobby for the appointment of women to the League of Nations. By 1931 The League of Nations called together a "Women's Consultative Committee on Nationality" to address the issue of woman's rights (and their nationality) when married to a man from another country.〔See Dorothy P. Page, "'A Married Woman, or a Minor, Lunatic or Idiot': The Struggle of British Women against Disability in Nationality, 1914-1933," doctoral dissertation, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1984.〕 Two additional coalitions were formed in 1931: the Liaison Committee and the Peace and Disarmament Committee. The ICW constitution was revised in 1936.〔The ICW Papers are housed at Smith College in the Sophia Smith Collection.〕 National Council of Women of the United States was founded in 1888 at the first ICW gathering. The National Council of Women of Canada was founded in 1893. The National Council of French Women was created in 1901. The first National Council of Women of Australia was established in 1931 to coordinate the state bodies existing prior to Australia's Federation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Council of Women」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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